This shortcoming is promoting research on emerging technologies including membranes, calcium looping, catalysed sorbents, algae-based capture, direct air capture, and liquefaction, but most of these technologies face different technological challenges and are at different and/or lower technology readiness levels.
Carbon capture has focused on mature technologies, such as chemical absorption using amine-based solvents, but the large volumes of solvent that are used require significant thermal energy for regeneration. Figure 1 shows the different CO 2 separation technologies that are currently available. This has been reaffirmed in the recent UK government plan for a green industrial revolution, which aims to make two CCUS industrial clusters operational by the mid-2020s and capture 10 Mt of carbon dioxide a year by 2030. Achieving net zero emissions, as set by the UK, France, Denmark and New Zealand to be by 2050 and in Sweden by 2045, will need the exploitation of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) more than ever. These effects have at last been taken seriously, which has led to new targets to reduce our impact on the planet. The continuous search for economic growth is causing the decline of natural resources, the detriment of air quality, and is fostering climate change.
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